The Owner Of E Commerce Website

The Owner Of E Commerce Website Assume you are the owner of an e-commerce website. What are some of the signs that your site has been hacked. Discuss the major types of attacks you could expect to experience and the resulting damage on your site. Prepare a brief report based on your finding. Question 2: You are required to propose website development to one of the IT entrepreneurs in your area. Consider there are two options for building the site in-house with existing staff or outsourcing the entire operation. Discuss which options are in the company best interest and the reason for choosing that option. Provide pros and cons for each option. Prepare a report based on your finding. Introduction E-commerce (electronic commerce), an online business verses the real world trade. E-commerce, including retail shopping, online banking, stock and bond trading, auctions, real estate transactions, airline booking, movie rentals, almost anything you can imagine in the real world. Such as hair, nail salons can benefit from providing e-commerce-related health and beauty product sales, often from local customers is a personal website or service. E-commerce allow consumers to exchange time or accessibility of electronic products and services in the distance. E-commerce, the rapid expansion in the pastfive years, is expected to continue at this rate, or even accelerate. With the traditionaland electronic in the near future, electronic commerce will become in creasingly blurred boundaries, more and more enterprises to embark on a part of Internet business. Willing to create a successful online store can be a difficult path, if not aware of the principles of e-commerce, e-commerce what should be done for your online business. Research and understand the need to properly plan the implementation of guidelines for e-commerce, is a vital part of the online store into and success. However, the network has its limitations, such as trade brought no guarantee of security, the question is who caused the problems, loss of credit card hackers worry about anything. To solve this problem need to rely on web sites and web production design is correct, make a better model, such as security. Web design can be used in two ways through outsourcing or in house to do so. Define Question 1 Computer hacking always involves some infringement of or damage to computer-based, such as documents, Web pages or software privacy attribute level. The impact of computer hackers is simply not the same as the illegal invasion and angry. Surrounded by a mysterious halo, hackers, and prestige, is a relatively elite individual who has knowledge, and willing to take part as a high-risk groups, need to become a true hacker accompanied. An interesting alternative view, however positive, such as hackers and hacker software development ideas, in science and technology. Hackers have a strong interest in computers and persistent pursuit, they continue to study computer and network knowledge, to find a computer and network vulnerability. They are difficult challenge high-level network of interest to find vulnerabilities and attack our networks. We need to know that their criminal acts in order to prevent our site or any invasion. In fact, hackers or computer on our website the number of symbols. Signs that we know what will happen, as long as we can to avoid being hacked. Here are some websites have become a hacker attack signatures. Answer Question 1 There are several different computer virus symptoms, can help us identify the computer from being infected, the virus is one of the potential dangers harmful. These viruses have many different forms and ways, it becomes very difficult for us to adjust the application of each machine. Therefore, all our machines are very easy to attack from computer viruses or other time, sometimes even the best anti-virus software can ignore the harmful viruses. Computer virus symptoms of some common understanding allows us to battle our anti-virus to a good start. A computer virus is a very small program, have the ability to spread from one computer to another, and then destruction of the work and the function of the infected machine. It is important to determine in some cases, even a system crash or virus as soon as it could lead to important data loss situation. There are many computer virus remove program that can help eliminate the risk of computer viruses. In addition, the symptoms of computer viruses possess some distinct characteristics, if your machine has been infected, most likely you will immediately see the results. The computers basic work will be greatly affected, due to the performance of computer failure, you will not run, I assure you, the use of early implementation of many functions. Such as computer running than normal, more slowly for no apparent reason. The exception of certain types of files does not run the file or the Task Manager. File is a spyware and viruses, such as different forms of the symptoms of abnormalities that may affect the background files on your computer suddenly slow down the busy work and the speed of the computer. They tend to hackers hijack your bandwidth, so the eyes of your system for their own purposes. Internet activities are not add-remove any programs used to access the Internet, it will suddenly slow Internet access. When you return to the desktop wallpaper and icons. Major types of attacks Virus In a computer, computer virus is a program or programming code that is copied or start by copying to another program, computer boot sector or file. Virus can be transmitted, such as file attachments in e-mail to download the instructions, or on or floppy disk or CD-ROM. Direct source of the e-mail note, downloaded file, you have received or floppy disk usually does not know it contains a virus. Some viruses wreak their effect, because once their code enforcement; other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their code, by the computer to perform. Some viruses are benign or playful in intent and effect (Happy Birthday, Ludwig!) And some can be quite harmful, delete data or cause the need to reformat the hard disk. Worm In the computer, the worm is a self-replicating virus file, but will not change in the active memory-resident and a copy of itself. Worm uses the operating system is automatic, users do not usually visible. It is common for worms to be noticed only when they can not control replication consumes system resources, slow down or stop other tasks. If your computer is experiencing performance issues, most recently, you might want to know if your computer has been infected with a worm or virus. Self-education is a great way to start when troubleshooting your computer. Once you understand your possible causes of performance problems, you are so much better equipped to repair things, and can calculate your life. DOS Denial of Service (DoS) attack is one in which the user or organization is a resource service, they will usually expect to be deprived of the event. In a distributed denial of service, a lot of damage to the system (sometimes referred to as a botnet) attack a target. Although DoS attacks are usually not lead to information or other security, the loss of security, which can cost the target person or company the time and a lot of money. Typically, loss of service is a specific network services, such as email, can not provide all network connections and services, or temporary loss. A denial of service attack can also destroy the affected computer programming systems and documentation. In some cases, denial of service attacks, forcing millions of people visit the corporate Web site suspension. Trojan horse In the computer, the Trojan horse is a malicious or harmful code is harmless on the inner surface of the program or in such a way that it can be controlled and damage in the form of their choice, including procedures, such as data on the hard drive destruction File Allocation Table disk. In one famous example of a Trojan horse is that this would have to find and destroy computer virus program. Trojan horses can be widely redistributed as part of computer viruses. Marco virus Macro viruses requires the user to take action to implement once they are downloaded to your computer, or to systems approach. The virus is usually written in a scripting language commonly used to create applications for use in the macro. Some of these macro viruses on the computer system failure than a security threat. One example is the text in Microsoft Word macro virus to generate a popular, specific key combination is pressed. Define Question 2 Outsourcing is often used when a company needs as part of the business, this part of the conditions to another company. Recently, the relevant provisions have been widely used in technology-related initiatives, such as transfer to a third party IT service desk. But it also refers to non-technical services, such as customer service by phone deal. Outsourcing activities are generally in the same country. When the companys involvement in another continent, such as India, use the correct term is offshore outsourcing. Nearshore outsourcing is the outsourcing of other national projects, but as a U.S. company outsourcing activities in Canada, with the mainland, the company will be called nearshore outsourcing. Although the main objective of outsourcing is often lower costs, many companies are not cost-effective. In particular, Gartner predicts that by 2007 80% of companies that outsource customer service, the main objective of cost-cutting plan, will not try. This statistical data is one of the reasons behind the outsourcing companys staff turnover rate is high, and sometimes 80-100%. This will combine the loss of customers, from frustration because the hidden costs and consumer costs are obvious, outsourcing of contact, if not carefully monitored, can easily fail. Answer Question 2 Advantages of outsourcing When you evaluate your choices and your outsourcing various components of the decision, you need to consider the advantages of outsourcing. When done for the right reasons, outsourcing will actually help your company grow and save money. Some outsourcing services, beyond the money, and so on. Here are the top seven of the outsourcing advantage. Focus On Core Activities In the period of rapid growth, the companys back-office operations will also be expanded. This expansion may begin in the consumption of the core that have made your company successful event cost resources (human and financial). Outsourcing these activities will allow these commercial activities is not sacrificing quality or service office in the background, an important re-positioning. For example: A company land a major contract will significantly increase in a very short period of time purchases; outsourcing of procurement. Operational Control Operating cost, we must consider outsourcing. Departments may have evolved over time into out of control, poor management field is the main motive for outsourcing. In addition, the outsourcing company can bring better management skills, your company than the original. For example: information technology, there are too many projects, not enough people contribute far beyond the budget of the organization. Based management contract for the outsourcing agreement will force the priority of its request, control returns to the area. Cost And Efficiency Savings Back to the office of the complexity, but the size of your company is unable to perform in a consistent and reasonable cost is your function is another advantage of outsourcing. For example: A small doctors office, a variety of insurance plans. Part-time people cant keep up with all the different suppliers and rules. Outsourced to a company specializing in medical costs. Develop Internal Staff For large projects that require the necessary skills, your employees do not. Site outsourcing skills, you will bring your companys needs. The work you love, they can acquire new skills. For example: Companies need to embark on a replacement / upgrade of various items of custom equipment. You did not ask the engineers to design new skills and upgrade equipment. Outsourcing outsourcing project engineers, field engineers and requirements, will help you gain new skills. Reduced Overhead Back-office functions to perform specific administrative costs are very high. Considering outsourcing, you can easily move. For example: economic growth, thereby increasing the demand for office space. The current location is very expensive, no room to expand. Outsourcing some simple operations, reduce office space needs. For example, make phone calls or data entry. Continuity Risk Management High employee turnover will increase during the uncertainty and contradictory actions. The level of outsourcing will provide continuity, while reducing the risk of the company will bring the operation of substandard level of the company. For example: Human Resources Manager is a long-term sick leave and two new executive assistant position in a very short period of time remains. Outsourcing human resource functions to reduce risk and allow the company to continue to operate. Staffing Flexibility Outsourcing will allow operators to bring in seasonal or cyclical demand more resources, when you need them, release them when youre done. For example: whether the accounting department of tax season is short, the transfer audit. Outsourcing these functions to provide more time and resources a lot of fixed costs of long-term agreement. Disadvantages of outsourcing When you assess your outsourcing options, remember, there are advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing outsourcing. Outsourcing listed below to see one of the weaknesses of each, and decided how the project will impact on your business. If the advantages outweigh its disadvantages outsourcing outsourcing, you should avoid outsourcing. Loss of Managerial Control Whether you sign with another companys contract to perform a single task to the entire department or function, you move to another companys management and control functions. In fact, you will have a contract, but management will belong to another company. Your outsourcing company will not be driven by the same standards and tasks to promote your company. They will be forced from their service to you and your other business profits. Bad Publicity The word outsourcing reminds me of different things to different people. If you live in a community with outsourcing companies, they use your friends and neighbors, outsourcing is good. If your friends and neighbors lost their jobs because they were shipped across the state, country or world, outsourcing will bring bad publicity. If you outsource part of your actions may affect the morale of the remaining workforce. Hidden Costs You will work with the companys outsourcing contract will cover the services they will provide detailed information. In you will not need to pay any additional contract basis. In addition, you will experience the legal fees, hire a lawyer to review your. Remember, this is the outsourcing companys business. They do, they are the ones in the contract. Therefore, you will start at a disadvantage in negotiations. Tied to the Financial Well-Being of Another Company Since you more than you as part of its operations to another company, you are linked to the welfare of the companys financial stability. This will not be the first time, an outsourcing company might go bankrupt, so you hold the bag. Threat to Security and Confidentiality In any life-blood of businesses with information to maintain its operation. If you have wages, medical records or any other confidential information, the information transmitted to the outsourcing companies have their own privacy risks may be affected. If the holding company, data sharing and knowledge (such as product drawings, recipes, etc.) outsourcing, it must consider the function. Outsourcing company carefully evaluated to ensure that your data protection and unexpected situations in the contract penalties. Quality Problems Outsourcing companies take the profit motive. Since the contract will determine the prices, the only way they will reduce costs to increase profits. They meet the conditions of the contract, you will pay. In addition, you will lose the rapid response capability, in the business environment changes. The contract will be very specific, you will have to pay the extra change. Advantages of in-house link building Due to internal (internal) search engine optimization team has many benefits, link building is a way to use them. You will find a spread to other search engine optimization efforts and factors. A warning, I would like to mention is that this in itself has the following advantages will not make the internal search engine optimization search engine optimization outsourcing and beyond, unless the company has a search engine optimization and search a solid foundation for understanding. Understanding of the Business An internal staff more likely to have your business and industry, a deeper understanding. This knowledge and insight to choose the right keywords in recognition to optimize come in handy. Has an internal search engine optimization involves a familiar brand and product line and language. Link Longevity In addition to voice and choice of absolute anchor text link from which sites, internal link building also provides greater management control of the reverse. Update web pages anchor text and links to fewer calls and e-mail much faster. Link in the development and construction activities, and easier for our fiction link longevity. Streamlined Concurrent Workflow Since almost all internal, link building also has a streamlined, concurrent workflow affinity. Whether it is search engine optimization team, is a formal marketing department or not, marketing objectives for rapid communication and understanding. Networking and Accessibility A way to get through from your suppliers, manufacturers, vendors, and the high correlation between everyone back to the relevant business. In the network of relationships is a fantastic place to start building to the existing connections and business relationships Contact lend their contact to obtain low cost. Broadening the Scope of a Partnership Apart from a general business with the acquisition of contact, internal SEO team can be acquired, especially the link to the publisher. People who learn quickly that you have purchased, the traditional advertising and urge to have a own web pages or more than your link. Disadvantages of in-hourse Lead generation Process of collecting names and contact information about qualified prospects which will be contacted by the salespeople for generating orders. It usually involves direct response advertising and telemarketing. What is best for our organization In my opinion, I would choose outsourcing to be my construction website, because I know outsourcing expertise and level. They can complete the work in the short term, so we can save a lot of resources and time. In addition, the in-house opportunity to learn from their expertise. Subsequently, the in-house expertise they also can create it yourself. Two birds with one stone. Although, outsourcing a few risks, but everything has to get his risk, we also need to overcome these risks, as long as we overcome the risk of succes Conclusion In a conclusion, e-commerce is undeniably the best one in this world of things. Although it is risky, but in a period of rapid growth, we really need it to help us. Therefore, we let E be my domestic and international well-known. Therefore, there are many hackers want to destroy and steal information e-commerce. But today, e-commerce is very dangerous. In my opinion, I think we should pay more attention and increase our security, and now the latest anti-virus software is the possibility ofcracking is to reduce a lot of contrast. In addition, we should not inadvertently reveal personal information and conditions. Appendix

Neo-liberalism

In one long revolutionÐ °ry wÐ °ve, the EÐ °st EuropeÐ °n regimes of ‘reÐ °lly existing sociÐ °lism’ hÐ °ve been swept Ð °wÐ °y in the pÐ °st two yeÐ °rs. Communism Ð °s Ð ° living politicÐ °l movement no longer exists, Ð °nd Ð °nticommunism is therefore no longer Ð °n essentiÐ °l element of bourgeois ideology in the West. EÐ °stern Europe, the Soviet Union, Ð °nd most of their former Ð °llies in the Third World (Ð ngolÐ °, EthiopiÐ °, VietnÐ °m), Ð °re swiftly being reintegrÐ °ted into the world economy, their sociÐ °l structures overturned to Ð °ccommodÐ °te their insertion into the globÐ °l cÐ °pitÐ °list clÐ °ss structure. In these formerly sociÐ °list countries, neo-liberÐ °lism hÐ °s become the predominÐ °nt ideology legitimÐ °ting the privÐ °tizÐ °tion of the stÐ °te-controlled economy Ð °nd the substitution of the mÐ °rket for the sociÐ °l provision of bÐ °sic welfÐ °re. For Europe Ð °s Ð ° whole this hÐ °s set in motion processes of economic Ð °nd politicÐ °l liberÐ °lizÐ °tion Ð °nd mÐ °ss migrÐ °tion (HolmÐ °n, 1992). Ð n eÐ °rlier meÐ °ning of the term neo-liberÐ °lism wÐ °s Ð °ctuÐ °lly quite similÐ °r to the notion of corporÐ °te liberÐ °lism (HÐ °rris, 1972; Cox 1987). Ð  relÐ °ted cÐ °use for misunderstÐ °nding mÐ °y be the renewed populÐ °rity of the term in the USÐ  where ‘liberÐ °lism’ hÐ °d the sÐ °me connotÐ °tions Ð °s corporÐ °tism in Europe, Ð °nd where ‘neo-liberÐ °lism’ designÐ °tes those politicÐ °l forces which try to revive the liberÐ °lism of the Kennedy erÐ °, but prÐ °gmÐ °ticÐ °lly incorporÐ °te mÐ °ny of the conservÐ °tive criticisms of trÐ °ditionÐ °l Ð mericÐ °n liberÐ °lism (Rothenberg, 1984). It cÐ °n be sÐ °id thÐ °t neo-liberÐ °lism is â€Å"the politics constructed from the individuÐ °l, freedom of choice, the mÐ °rket society, lÐ °issez-fÐ °ire, Ð °nd minimÐ °l government. Its neo-conservÐ °tive component builds on strong government, sociÐ °l Ð °uthoritÐ °riÐ °nism, disciplined society, hierÐ °rchy Ð °nd subordinÐ °tion, Ð °nd the nÐ °tion† (Belsey, 1986, p.173). The combinÐ °tion of the two is not neÐ °rly Ð °s contrÐ °dictory Ð °s it sometimes seems. Ð s Ð ° concept of control, neo-liberÐ °lism is the formulÐ °tion of Ð °n identifiÐ °ble frÐ °ctionÐ °l interest in terms of the ‘nÐ °tionÐ °l’ or ‘generÐ °l’ interest. Neo-liberÐ °lism is the fundÐ °mentÐ °l expression of the outlook of trÐ °nsnÐ °tionÐ °l circulÐ °ting cÐ °pitÐ °l. In the West, the high tide of the ‘ReÐ °gÐ °n revolution’ Ð °nd ‘ThÐ °tcherism’ seems to hÐ °ve receded with the politicÐ °l retirement of their nÐ °mesÐ °kes, RonÐ °ld ReÐ °gÐ °n Ð °nd MÐ °rgÐ °ret ThÐ °tcher. UntrÐ °mmeled internÐ °tionÐ °l competition, the celebrÐ °tion of the mÐ °rket, of weÐ °lth Ð °nd self, Ð °nti-communism Ð °nd Ð °nti-unionism; Ð °ll these Ð °re no longer propÐ °gÐ °ted Ð °s ‘revolutionÐ °ry’ in the sense of chÐ °llenging Ð ° prevÐ °iling consensus of Ð ° different content, but they Ð °re now pÐ °rt of normÐ °l every dÐ °y discourse, self-evident, neÐ °r impossible to contrÐ °dict or even doubt. History conceived of Ð °s Ð ° struggle of ideologies hÐ °s come to Ð °n end, Ð °s FukuyÐ °mÐ ° (1989) would hÐ °ve it. In short, the end of history Ð °ppeÐ °rs to hÐ °ve resolved Ð °ny remÐ °ining internÐ °l contrÐ °dictions within internÐ °tionÐ °l cÐ °pitÐ °lism (other thÐ °n strÐ °ightforwÐ °rd competition), Ð °nd to represent the triumph of the ideologicÐ °l tendency Ð °rticulÐ °ting these orientÐ °tions, neo-liberÐ °lism. Its victory meÐ °ns thÐ °t its rÐ °dicÐ °l tenets hÐ °ve themselves become the new ‘normÐ °lcy’. This trÐ °nsnÐ °tionÐ °l revolution took plÐ °ce Ð °gÐ °inst the bÐ °ckground of the crisis of world cÐ °pitÐ °lism of the 1970s, which necessitÐ °ted Ð ° fÐ °r-reÐ °ching restructuring of the economic, sociÐ °l Ð °nd politicÐ °l conditions for cÐ °pitÐ °l Ð °ccumulÐ °tion. Neo-liberÐ °lism wÐ °s evidently the hegemonic project, which guided this restructuring Ð °nd shÐ °ped its trÐ °jectory. In the period from the First World WÐ °r to the 1950s the productive cÐ °pitÐ °l perspective (PolÐ °nyi’s principle of sociÐ °l protection) wÐ °s dominÐ °nt Ð °t the nÐ °tionÐ °l level; in this erÐ °, the hegemonic concept of control wÐ °s thÐ °t of stÐ °te monopolism. Money cÐ °pitÐ °l wÐ °s still principÐ °lly engÐ °ged in internÐ °tionÐ °l operÐ °tions, but the crisis of the 1930s led to its curtÐ °ilment by stÐ °te Ð °uthorities. GrÐ °duÐ °lly, Ð °nd definitely following the Second World WÐ °r, (US) industry expÐ °nded on Ð °n Ð tlÐ °ntic plÐ °ne, Ð °lbeit in Ð ° highly regulÐ °ted setting. Ð  welfÐ °re stÐ °te concept, the highest form of PolÐ °nyi’s principle of sociÐ °l protection constructed Ð °round the productive cÐ °pitÐ °l viewpoint, combined Ð °spects of expÐ °nding production with Ð ° meÐ °sure of reliberÐ °lizÐ °tion in the internÐ °tionÐ °l sphere. TrÐ °de, however, held priority over money cÐ °pitÐ °l (in line with the hegemony of the productive cÐ °pitÐ °l view). The comprehensive concept defining the new normÐ °lcy Ð °nd generÐ °l interest Ð °t this stÐ °ge wÐ °s corporÐ °te liberÐ °lism. In the crisis of the 1970s, finÐ °lly, Ð ° struggle ensued which resulted in the triumph of neo-liberÐ °lism. Neo-liberÐ °lism reÐ °ches bÐ °ck to the Ð °bstrÐ °ct Ð °nd cosmopolitÐ °n money cÐ °pitÐ °l perspective so prominent in liberÐ °l internÐ °tionÐ °lism, but industry hÐ °s meÐ °nwhile outgrown its nÐ °tionÐ °l confines. The pÐ °rÐ °digmÐ °tic scÐ °le of operÐ °tion of industriÐ °l cÐ °pitÐ °l todÐ °y is globÐ °l, Ð °t leÐ °st in tendency. Ð t the sÐ °me time we witness Ð ° relÐ °tive disintegrÐ °tion of the nÐ °tionÐ °l frÐ °mework into multiple locÐ °l Ð °nd regionÐ °l frÐ °meworks, leÐ °ding some observers to speÐ °k of ‘globÐ °lizÐ °tion’ Ð °s the typicÐ °l trend of the new erÐ °. The crisis of the lÐ °tter hÐ °lf of the 1970s cÐ °nnot be trÐ °ced to Ð °ny one single incident, or to Ð °ny one isolÐ °ted dip in the normÐ °l business cycle. It wÐ °s Ð ° fundÐ °mentÐ °l crisis of ‘normÐ °lity’ Ð °ffecting Ð °ll Ð °spects of the post-wÐ °r order: sociÐ °l relÐ °tions of production, the composition of the historic bloc Ð °nd its concept of control, the role of the stÐ °te, Ð °nd the internÐ °tionÐ °l order. Efforts to resolve this crisis necessÐ °rily Ð °cquired Ð ° comprehensive quÐ °lity. Ð s StuÐ °rt HÐ °ll hÐ °s sÐ °id, â€Å"If the crisis is deep—‘orgÐ °nic’—these efforts cÐ °nnot be merely defensive. They will be formÐ °tive: Ð °iming Ð °t Ð ° new bÐ °lÐ °nce of forces, the emergence of new elements, the Ð °ttempt to put together Ð ° new ‘historic bloc’, new politicÐ °l configurÐ °tions Ð °nd ‘philosophies’, Ð ° profound restructuring of the stÐ °te Ð °nd the ideologicÐ °l discourses which construct the crisis Ð °nd represent it Ð °s it is ‘lived’ Ð °s Ð ° prÐ °cticÐ °l reÐ °lity: new progrÐ °mmes Ð °nd policies, pointing to Ð ° new result, Ð ° new sort of ‘settlement’—‘within certÐ °in limits’. These new elements do not ‘emerge’: they hÐ °ve to be constructed. PoliticÐ °l Ð °nd ideologicÐ °l work is required to disÐ °rticulÐ °te old formÐ °tions, Ð °nd to rework their elements into new ones†(HÐ °ll, 1983, p. 23). The new concept of control emerging out of this constructive effort to deÐ °l with the orgÐ °nic crisis of the 1970s nowÐ °dÐ °ys we cÐ °ll neo-liberÐ °lism. It should Ð °lso be mentioned thÐ °t neo-conservÐ °tism provides the neo-liberÐ °l bourgeoisie with Ð °n effective ‘politics of support’: morÐ °l conservÐ °tism, xenophobiÐ °, lÐ °w-Ð °nd-order, the fÐ °mily, Ð °re the themes which provided the bÐ °sis for Ð ° relÐ °tively stÐ °ble electorÐ °l coÐ °lition, which even todÐ °y seems to hÐ °ve relegÐ °ted sociÐ °l-democrÐ °cy to the pÐ °st for good. The precise mix of elements (free mÐ °rket ideology Ð °nd neo-conservÐ °tism, destructive Ð °nd constructive) vÐ °ries from country to country, depending on the politicÐ °l conjuncture Ð °nd the country’s pÐ °rticulÐ °r plÐ °ce in the world order of the 1970s. The rise Ð °nd consolidÐ °tion of the neo-liberÐ °l project—which involved disciplining lÐ °bor through estÐ °blishing Ð ° new core-periphery structure of lÐ °bor relÐ °tions, subordinÐ °ting the globÐ °l productive grid to profit criteriÐ ° estÐ °blished by money cÐ °pitÐ °l, Ð °nd confronting the Third World Ð °nd the Soviet bloc with Ð ° new Cold WÐ °r—were not reÐ °lized Ð °t once. Even for its most Ð °rdent protÐ °gonists, neo-liberÐ °lism’s ‘rÐ °tionÐ °lity’ trÐ °nspired only grÐ °duÐ °lly Ð °nd through Ð ° process of triÐ °l Ð °nd error. Furthermore, Ð °s will become cleÐ °r from the following chÐ °pters, Ð ° hegemonic project is not Ð °bsolutely Ð °nd exclusively victorious. Elements which Ð °re Ð °lien to the hegemonic concept cÐ °n Ð °nd most likely will persist due to pÐ °rticulÐ °r historicÐ °l circumstÐ °nces, Ð °s with the tenÐ °city of liberÐ °l internÐ °tionÐ °lism in BritÐ °in during the Fordist Ð °ge, or with the persistence of corporÐ °te-liberÐ °l structures in the GermÐ °ny of the neo-liberÐ °l 1980s Ð °nd 1990s. References Belsey, Ð . (1986). The New Right, sociÐ °l order, Ð °nd civil liberties. In R. LevitÐ °s (ed.) The Ideology of the New Right, CÐ °mbridge: Polity Press. Cox, R.W. (1987). Production, Power, Ð °nd World Order. SociÐ °l Forces in the MÐ °king of History, New York: ColumbiÐ ° University Press. FukuyÐ °mÐ °, F. (1989). The End of History?’, The NÐ °tionÐ °l Interest, Summer: 3-18. HÐ °ll, S. (1983). The greÐ °t moving right show. In S. HÐ °ll Ð °nd M. JÐ °cques (eds) The Politics of ThÐ °tcherism, 19-39, London: LÐ °wrence Ð °nd WishÐ °rt. HÐ °rris, N. (1972) Competition Ð °nd the CorporÐ °te Society, London: Methuen. HolmÐ °n, O. (1992). Introduction: TrÐ °nsnÐ °tionÐ °l ClÐ °ss StrÐ °tegy Ð °nd the New Europe. In O. HolmÐ °n (ed.) EuropeÐ °n UnificÐ °tion in the 1990s: Myth Ð °nd ReÐ °lity, InternÐ °tionÐ °l JournÐ °l of PoliticÐ °l Economy 22(1), Spring 1992:1-22. Rothenberg, R. (1984). The Neo-LiberÐ °ls. CreÐ °ting the New Ð mericÐ °n Politics, New York: Simon & Schuster.

Imagery and symbols Essay

Quotations from the text are in italics. ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ is a play enriched with imagery and full of expressionism: it shows the world through the characters’ emotions rather than how they literally perceive it. Throughout this play, Tennessee Williams uses various forms of imagery and symbolism to explain and highlight themes and moods. The play often uses symbols to accentuate the thoughts and emotions of the characters, and it is these expressionist elements that I will go on to discuss in this essay. In this piece of writing, I will not only look at the imagery used and the meaning behind it, I will also try to evaluate its role in the functioning of the play. The main motifs of symbolism used in this play are: o Light o Heat o Music o Colour o Titles & Names o Clothes o Reference to animals The most significant imagery in the play is the use of light and shade in the play. Light is, in many ways, a playwright’s biggest asset: light (or the lack thereof) can denote tension, fear, and suspense and can be used to draw the audience, to rivet their attention on a certain point. In ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, Tennessee Williams, while using it for all of the above reasons, manipulates light in a unique way: light is a physical manifestation of the truth. For this reason, Blanche hates light, she is afraid it will destroy her illusions: ‘I don’t’ want realism.’ By looking at light as synonymous with truth we can see her aversion to light stems from her desire for magic (‘I’ll tell you what I want. Magic!’). Blanche’s disgust at naked light bulb (‘I can’t stand a naked light bulb, any more than I can a rude remark or vulgar action.’) expresses her inability to face reality, and so she puts ‘a paper lantern over the light’: the paper lantern which represents her illusions, and the faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade she presents to the rest of the world. Stanley has no patience with her fantasies, and so ‘he tears the paper lantern off the light bulb.’ This action of his is a symbol for his revealing her true self. There is also a more apparent and less subtle reason for Blanche’s terror of light: she wants is very subconscious about her age, and she has fears of being scrutinised under the ‘merciless glare’ of the light. Light also has other connotations in the play. For Blanche, it represents first love. When she was very young ‘the searchlight’ was switched on, and after Allan’s death it suddenly went off again, after which ‘never for one moment has there been a light stronger’ than the soft glow of a candle. Through this we can clearly see that the tragic events of her past, and the loss of her first love, have led to Blanche’s fear and intense loathing of light: she was dazzled by love early in life, and after Allan’s death, she avoided all light. For Blanche there is a difference between the soft shimmer of the candle, which she takes comfort in, and the harsh glare of the light bulb. This leads to another, more obscure, connotation of light in the play. If the light bulb represents reality, then the candle represents hope. Blanche acknowledges that ‘candles aren’t safe’, and she associates the burning out of the candle with the loss of innocence, ‘and after that happens, electric light bulbs go on and you see too plainly’. Therefore, she associates light (reality) with the loos of innocence, specifically hers which was cruelly snatched away from her at Allan’s death. This fear of light/ reality portrays her inability to grasp anything real or solid, which is demonstrated when she gasps at her reflection in the mirror. As can be seen, the symbol of light has a major role in the play, and it is impossible to conceive how the play would even function without it. Therefore, we can see that, in the case of the motif of light, the imagery and symbolism related thereof is very important in the play. Another form of symbolism in the play, and closely linked to light, is the theme of heat. This time, however, the imagery is just not related to Blanche, it relates to many of the main characters in the play. In ‘A Streetcar named desire’, heat represents different individuals response to their body image. Stanley is confident, assured about his image, full of ‘power and pride’, and his level of comfort with his physical image is the reason why he easily says, ‘my clothes’re sticking to me’. He sums up his outlook on his self-image when he says ‘Be comfortable is my motto’. In this play, heat is also used to accentuate the differences between the characters, and the differences between Mitch and Stanley are emphasised in this way. Stanley simply says ‘Do you mind if I make myself comfortable’, whereas Mitch says he is ‘ashamed of the way he perspires’. This reference to heat by both characters shows us the difference between them. It also shows that, if Stanley’s body image is bold, brash and confident, Mitch’s is shy, clumsy and insecure. Blanche’s issue with her appearance has already been glimpsed in the previous section, through her trying to conceal her age and wilting beauty. This can be discussed in greater detail from the perspective of the motif of heat. Stella says that Blanche takes baths to ‘cool down’, which seems to directly relate to the motif heat. However, is that really why Blanche bathes so often? Some critics feel that Blanche’s frequent bathing is a vent for her feelings of guilt over her stained past. Perhaps her frequent bathing is a result of her preoccupation with washing away sins and making a ‘fresh start’. She likes bathing because it makes her feel like ‘a brand new human being’. However, I disagree with this interpretation, as Blanche herself does not feel she has done anything wrong: ‘I don’t tell the truth, I tell what ought to be the truth. And if that is sinful, let me be damned for it!’ Therefore, it is unlikely that her bathing is a result of her guilt. In my opinion, her frequent bathing is a result of her insecurity about her age and appearance. She herself states that the baths are a form of ‘hydrotherapy’: it assuages her fears of her tarnishing beauty. Overall, although the symbol of heat is not as major or well-developed a theme as light, it enriches the play and adds many nuances to the personalities of the characters. Names and titles are also used symbolically in this play. One critic has said that ‘Essentially this is a play about Desire and Death and the effect these have on the human soul.’ From this, and indeed simply from the title, we can see that Desire is an important theme. This theme is portrayed through the imagery of ‘A streetcar named Desire’. In his own life in New Orleans, Williams observed two streetcars (trams), one named desire, the other called cemetery. As he observed their movement, he was impressed by the symbolism of this and their relevance to life in general. In ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’, ‘Desire’ and ‘Cemetery’ are two journeys we make in life: one towards our desires, our hopes, dreams and ambitions, and another toward the cemetery, through death (‘they told me to take a streetcar named Desire, and then transfer to one called Cemetery. These streetcar titles are especially relevant to Blanche and her past life. She has travelled on ‘Desire’ to get here: it is because of her lustful desires that she is in a position wherein she has to come to Elysian Fields to live with her sister. Other names and titles also hold significance in this play. ‘Elysian Fields’ is a name that brings an image of peace and tranquillity, which is a definite contrast to the violent actions of the habitants of ‘Elysian Fields’. ‘Elysian Fields’ also indicates a resting place for the dead, and this once again reflects symbolically on the themes of Desire and Death. The last significant name in this play is the title of the plantation, ‘Belle Reve’. Earlier on I looked at hope from the point of view of Blanche, and we can see that ‘Belle Reve’ is a personification of that hope, as ‘Belle Reve’ means beautiful dream. For Blanche, when she looses ‘Belle Reve’, she has fully lost all her hopes and dreams, and her journey of ‘Desire’ begins to come to a halt, and her journey towards the ‘Cemetery’ begins. In general, the symbolism of titles and names is essential to the theme of the play, and therefore holds a great deal of importance in this play.

The Existence of Pathos in Dantes Inferno Essay - 2032 Words

Madeleine Calhoun First Year Seminar Professor Scheible 11/24/12 The Existence of Pathos in Dante’s Inferno The strength of emotions drives many unjustifiable actions of humanity. The human race is subjected to feelings of pity and compassion. Yet, when did we obtain these potentially harmful yet also helpful feelings? Why do we have these uncontrollable emotions? And what can these feelings possibly contribute to an individual, or a society? There is much contemplation about the roles that pity and compassion, as well as other feelings play into life. Emotions are the basis of all interaction and relationship; they enable a certain level of trust throughout literature, which can also perceptibly be applicable in everyday†¦show more content†¦Dante came upon this realization the hard way because many times in hell he was admonishes for showing empathy. When the citizens of hell noticed Dante’s common affiliation with these emotions they viewed him as weak. This concept reinforces that Dante was placed at a disadvantage i n this moment in hell. In this situation, Dante saw one of his loves, Francesca. This romantic event obviously stirred him with both compassion and pity. â€Å"So that for pity I swooned as if in death. And down I fell as a dead body falls† (Dante V. 140-142). Dante’s implicit human instinct drove his emotions towards mercy for his poor lover. His previous mode of affection towards Francesca was no longer welcomed, and he now sympathized for his woman, and the preceding lust that they shared. These feelings should prove Dante a sincere mortal, are inhibit him in this situation. By comparing himself to a falling dead body, this may further be setting him on a similar Calhoun 4 comparative ground as those in hell. Dante may not realize how much hell is having an internal affect on him. This quote also displays Dante’s capacity to feel compassion for others, and he is instantly vulnerable to the maniacal tendencies of the sinners. He needs the compassion, and reassurance that he will not join the sinners in this cold alternate world. It is inevitable to recognize that fact that because Dante pities those in hell, his own positionShow MoreRelated The Hero of Aeneid and the Non-Hero of Dante’s Inferno Essay2429 Words   |  10 PagesThe Hero of Aeneid and the Non-Hero of Dante’s Inferno  Ã‚  Ã‚      Although Dante bases much of Infernos structure on the Aeneid, the central characters, the central voices in each, are used very differently.   Dr. Andrew Bernstien, in his essay The Philosophical Foundations of Heroism, defines a hero as ... an individual of elevated moral stature and superior ability who pursues his goals indefatigably in the face of powerful antagonist(s). Because of his unbreached devotion to the good, noRead More The Verdict on Albert Camus’s The Fall Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesJudges† preside over a solemn dumping ground of earthly hell. This flimsy legion of justice, like the omnipresent eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, casts a shadow of pseudo-morality over a land spiraling towards pathos. But Albert Camus’s The Fall unfolds amidst the seedy Amsterdam underground--a larger, more sinister prison than the Valley of Ashes, whose center is Mexico City, a neighborhood bar and Mecca for the world’s refuse. The narrator and self-proclaimed